Literature
Cited
 |
1. Page, R.C., and H. Schroeder. 1982. Periodontitis in man and
other animals, a comparative review. Basal: S. Karger.
2. Page, R.C. 1991. The role of inflammatory mediators in the
pathogensis of periodontal disease. J. Periodont Res. 26:230-42.
3. Williams R. 1998. Periodontal disease: the emergence of a new
paradigm. Compend Contin Educ Dent Supp. 19:4-10.
4. Rose L.R., B.J. Steinberg and L. Minsk. 2000. The relationship
between periodontal disease and systemic conditions. Compendium
10: 870-877.
5. Meinig G.E. 1998. Root Canal Cover-up. Ojai, Calif.: Bion Publishing.
6. Glassman G. 1998. Root canal cover-up exposed: the resurgence
of the refuted focal infection theory. Oral Health 88 (12): 3.
7. Debelian et al. 1998. Anaerobic bacteremia and fungemia in
patients undergoing endodontic therapy: an overview. Ann Periodontogy
3 (1): 281-7.
8. Oral Health in America. A report of the Surgeon General. Executive
Summary. Department of Health and Human Services.
9. Golub. 1998. Dentistry Today (Oct).
10. Navazesh M and R Mulligan. 1995. Systemic dissemination as
a result of oral infection in individuals 50 years of age and
older. Spec. Care Dentist 15 (1): 11-9.
11. Page R.C. and K.S. Kornman. 1997. The pathogenesis of human
periodontitis: an introduction. Periodontol 2000 14:.9-11.
12. Loe et al. 1986. Natural history of periodontal disease in
man: rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment in Sri Lankan laborers
14 to 46 years of age. J. Clin. Periodontol 13:431-445.
13. Chen I. 2000. The Surgeon General's report on oral health:
implications for research and education, NY State Den.t J. 66:.38-42.
14. Lamont R.J. and H.F. Jenkinson. 1998. Life below the gum line:
pathogenic mechanism of Porphyromonas Gingivalis. Microbiol. Mo.l
Biol. Rev. 62 (4):.1244-63.
15. Debekuan et al. 1994. Systemic diseases caused by oral microorganisms.
Endod. Dent. Traumato. 10 (2): 57-65.
16. Beck et al. 1998. Periodontitis: a risk factor for coronary
heart disease, Ann. Periodontol. 3 (1): 127-41.
17. Loesche W. 1997. Associations of the oral flora with important
medical diseases. Current Opinion Periodontal 4:21-8.
18. Meyer D.H. and P.M. Fives-Taylor. 1998. Oral pathogens: from
dental plaque to cardiac disease. Current Opinion Microbiol. 1
(1):88-95.
19. Dorn et al. 1999. Invasion of human coronary artery cells
by periodontal pathogens. Infection and Immunity 67 (11): 5792-5798.
20. Emingil G et al. 2000. Association between periodontal disease
and acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Periodontology 71
(12): 1882-1886.
21. Iacopino et al. 2000. Pathophysiological relationships between
Periodontitis and systemic disease: Recent concepts involving
serum lipids, Journal of Periodontology 71 (8): 1375-1384.
22. Haraszthy et al. 1999. Identification of periodontal pathogens
in atheromatous plaques. J. Periodontol 2000 71(10): 1554-60.
23. Wu T. 2000. Periodontal disease and risk of cerebrovascular
disease: the first national health and nutrition examination survey
and its follow-up study. American Journal of Epidemiology 151:
273-282.
24. DeNardin et al. 2000. Fibrinogen linked to gum disease. U.
of Buffalo 31 (27).
25. Genco R.J. 1999. Risk factors for periodontal diseases. Periodontal
Medicine. Ontario, Canada: BC Decker Publishing.
26. Loesch W.J. 1994. Periodontal disease as a risk factor for
heart desease. Compendium 15(8): 976,978-82,985-6 passim; quiz
992.
27. Joshipura K.J. 1996. Poor oral health and coronary heart disease.
J. Dent. Res. 75 (9): 1631-6.
28 .Syrjanen et al. 1989. Dental infections in association with
cerebral infarction in young and middle-age men. J. Intern. Med.
225(3): 179-84.
29. Beck et al. 1996. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease.
J. Periodontol. 67 (suppl.1): 1123-37.
30. Ibid.
31. Arbes et al. 1999. Association between extent of periodontal
attachment loss and self-reported history of heart attack: an
analysis of NHANES III date J. Dent. Res. 798 (12): 1777-82.
32. Herzberg M.C. and M.W. Meyer. 1996. Effects of oral flora
on platelets: possible consequences in cardiovascular disease.
J. Periodontol 67 (10 Suppl): 1138-42.
33. Herzberg M.C. and M.W. Meyer. 1998. Dental plaque, platelets
and cardiovascular diseases. Ann. Periodontol 3 (1): 151-60.
34. Dorn B.R. et al. 1999. Invasion of human coronary artery cells
by periodontal pathogens. Infect. Immun. 67 (11): 5792-5798.
35. Mattila et al. 1993. Dental Infections as a risk factor for
acute myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J. 14 (Suppl K): 51-3.
36. Mattila et al. 1993. Dental infections and coronary atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis 103 (2):205-11.
37. Mattila et al. 1995. Dental infection and the risk of new
coronary events: prospective study of patients with documented
coronary artery disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20 (3):588-92.
38. Wu et al. 2000. Periodontal disease and risk of cerebrovascular
disease: the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
and its follow-up study. Archives of Internal Medicine 18:2749-2755.
39. Grau et al. 1997. Association between acute cerebrovascular
ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. Journal Stroke (9)
1724-9.
40. Grossi et al. 1997. Treatment of periodontal disease in diabetics
reduces glycated hemoglobin. J. Periodontol 68(8): 713-719.
41. Grossi et al. 1998. Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitius:
A two-way relationship. Annals Periodontol 3(1): 51-61.
42. Thorstensson et al. 1996. Medical status and complications
in relation to periodontal disease experience in insulin-dependent
diabetics. J. Clin. Periodontol 23 (3 Pt 1): 194-202.
43. Shlossman et al. 1990. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal
disease. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 121:532-536.
44. Murayama et al. 2001. The effect of antimicrobial periodontal
treatment on circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha and glycated
hemoglobin level in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of
Periodontol 72 (6): 774-778.
45. Katz J. 2001. Elevated blood glucose levels in patients with
severe periodontal disease. J. Clin. Periodontol 28: 710-12.
46. Nelson et al. 1990. Periodontal disease and NIDDM in Pima
Indians. Diabetes Care 13:836-40.
47. Tabaj et al. 2000. Flow cytometry as a new method to study
periodontal disease in diabetic patients. Diabetologia Croatica.
29 (1): 27-31.
48. National Diabetes Data Group: Diabetes in America data compiled
1984. 1985. Bethesda, Md. National Institute of Health. Publication
No. 851268.
49. Heller et al. The Carbohydrate Addict's Healthy Heart Program.
New York: Ballantine Books.
50. Ibid.
51. Grossi et al. 2000. Obesity-gum disease link found. U of Buffalo
Reporter 31 (25).
52. Ibid.
53. O'Abay. 1996. Does H. pylori induce gastritis food-stimulated
insulin release? Dig. Dis. Sci. 41 (7): 21327-31.
54. Scannapieco F.A., and J.M. Mylotte. 1996. Relationships between
periodontal disease and bacterial pneumonia. J. Periodontol 67(10
Suppl): 114-22.
55. Dahlen et al. 1995. Occurrence of enteric rods, staphylococci
and Candida in subgingival samples. Oral Microbio.l Immunol.10:42-46.
56. Bentley D.W. 1984. Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly: clinical
features, diagnosis, etiology and treatment. Gerontol. 30:297-307.
57. Dasanayake A.P. 1998. Poor periodontal health of the pregnant
woman as a risk factor for low birth weight. Ann. Periodontol
3 (1):206-12.
58. Davenport et al. 1998. The East London study of maternal chronic
periodontal disease and pre-term low birth weight infants: study
design and prevalence data. Ann Periodontol 3 (1): 213-21.
59. Offenbacher et al. 1998. Potential pathogenic mechanisms of
periodontitis associated pregnancy complications. Ann Periodontol
3(1):233-50.
60. Offenbacher et al. 1996. Periodontal disease as a possible
risk factor for pre-term low birth weight. J. Periodontal 67:1103-13.
61. Gibbs et al. 1992. A review of premature birth and subclinical
infections. American Journal Obster. Gynecol. 166(5): 1515-1528.
62. Loesche W.J. 1997. Association of the oral flora with important
medical diseases. Curr. Opin. Periodontol 4:21-28.
63. Hill G.B. 1998. Preterm birth: associations with genital and
possibly oral microflora. Ann. Periodontol. 3(1): 222-32.
64. American Academy of Periodontology" Specialty Conference
on Periodontal Medicine, Importance of Good Oral Health in Pregnant
Women. 2000. Washington D.C.
65. Collins et al. 1994. Effects of Porphyromonas Gingivalis infection
on inflammatory mediator response and pregnancy outcome in hamster.
Infect. Immun. 62:4356-4361.
66. Collins et al. 1994. Effects of Escherichia coli and Porphyromonas
gingivalis lipopolysaccharide on pregnancy outcome in the golden
hamster. Infect. Immun. 62:4652-4655.
67. Tezak et al. 2000. The relationship between bone mineral density
and periodontitis in postmenopausal women. J Periodontol. 71(9):
1492-1498.
68. Loomer et al. 1994. Direct effects of metabolic products and
sonicated extracts of Porphyromonas Gingivalis 2561 on ostergenesis
in vitro. Infect. Immune. 62(4) :1289-97.
69. Wactawski-Wende et al. 1998. Osteoporosis, oral health linked
; Analysis of national database shows strong relationship. American
Association for the Advancement of Science.
70. Ebersole J.L. 1990. Systemic humoral immune response in periodontal
disease. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med. 1:283-331.
71. Moore W.E.C., and L.V.H. Moore. 1994.The bacteria of periodontal
diseases. Periodontol 2000 5:66-77.
72. Page R.C. 1991.The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis
of periodontal disease. J. Periodont. Res. 26:230-242.
73. Holt S.C., and T.E. Bramanti. 1991. Factors in virulence expression
and their role in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Crit. Rev.
Oral. Biol. Med. 2:177-281.
74. Haffajee A.D., and S.S. Socransky. 1994. Microbial etiologic
agents of destructive periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 5:78-111.
75. Lamont R.J., and H.F. Jenkinson. 1998. Life below the gum
line: pathogenic mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbiol.
Rev. 62(4): 1244-63.
76. Wilson M., and B. Henderson. 1995. Virulence factors of Actinobacillus
actinomycetemcomitans relevant to the pathogenesis of inflammatory
periodontal diseases. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 17:365-379.
77. Fives-Taylor P., D Meyer, and K Mintz. 1995. Characteristics
of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans invasion of and adhesion
to cultured epithelial cells. Adv. Dent. Res. 9:55-62.
78. Lamont et al. 1995. P. gingivalis invasion of gingival epithehal
cells. Infect. Immun. 63:3878-3885.
79. Cugini et al. 2000. The effect of scaling and root planning
on the clinical and microbiological parameters of periodontal
disease: 12-month results. J. Clin. Periodontol. 27(1): 30-6.
80. Haffajee A.D., and S.S. Socransky. 1994. Microbial etiologic
agents of destructive periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 5:78-111.
81. Lavine et al. 1979. Impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in patients
with juvenile and rapidly progressing periodontitis. J. Periodont.
Res. 14:10-19.
82. Van Dyke et al. 1983. Juvenile periodontitis as a model for
neutrophil function: reduced binding of complement chemotactic
fragment. J. Den. Res. 62:870-872.
83. Concensus report on Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis and
microbial factors. 1996. Ann Periodontol 1: 926-932.
84. Gillespie et al. Isolation and partial characterization of
the Campylobacter rectus cytotoxin.
85.Schenkein H.A. 1989. Failure of Bacteroides Gingivalis W83
to accumulate bound C3 following opsonization with serum. J. Periodont.
Res. 24:20-27.
86. Culter C.N., R.R. Arnold and H.A. Schenkein 1993. Inhibition
of C3 and IgG proteolysis enhances phagocytosis of Porphyromonas
gingivalis. J. Immunol. 151:7016-7029.
87. Shenker B.J., L.A.Vitale and D.A. Welham. 1990. Immune suppression
induced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: Effects on immunoglobulin
prodection by human B cells. Infect. Immun. 58:3856-3862.
88. Offenbacher S. 1996. Periodontal diseases: Pathogenesis. Ann.
Periodontol. 1:821-878.
89. Reynolds J.J., and M.C. Meikle. 1997. Mechanism of connective
tissue destruction in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 14:144-157.
90. Birkedal-Hansen H. 1993. Role of cytokines and inflammatory
mediators in tissue destruction. J. Periodont Res. 28:500-510.
91. Goldhaber et al. 1973. Bone reabsorption in tissue culture
and its relevance to periodontal disease. J. Am. Dent. Assoc.
87:1027-1033.
92. Moore W.E.C., and L.V.H. Moore. 1994. The bacteria of periodontal
diseases. Periodontol 2000. 5:66-77.
93. Miyasaki K.T., 1001. The neutrophil: Mechanisms of controlling
periodontal bacteria. J. Periodontol. 2:761-774.
94. Ebersole J.L. 1990. Systemic humoral immune responses in periodontal
disease. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med.1:283-331.
95. Llamster I.B. and M.J. Novak. 1992. Host mediators in gingival
crevicular fluid: Implications for the pathogenesis of periodontal
disease. Crit. Rev. Oral. Bio. Med. 3:31-60.
96. Allison et al. 1976. Activation of complement by the alternative
pathway as a factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
Lancet 2 (7993):1001-4.
97. Schindler L.W. How the Immune System works. National Institute
of Health.
98. Genco et al. 2000. Low Dietary Vitamin C Can Increase Risk
for Periodontal disease. J. of Periodontology.
99. Grossi et al. 1999. HNANES III, University of Buffalo Reporter.
30 (24).
100. Mcguire M.K., and M.M. Nunn. 1999. The effectiveness of clinical
parameters and IL-1 genotype in accurately predicting prognoses
and tooth survival. J. Periodontol 70 (1): 49-56.
101. Komman et al. 1997. The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity
factor in adult periodontal disease. J. Clin. Periodontol 24:72-77.
102. Hart T., and K.S. 1997. Komman. Genetic factors in the pathogensis
of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 14:202-215.
103. World Health Organization: The World Health Report 1995:
bridging the gap. Geneva, Switzerland.
104. Gallin J.L. 1988. The neutrophil: Immunological diseases.
4th ed. Boston: Little, Brown.
105. Pisciotta A.V. 1990. Drug-induced agranulocytosis; peripheral
destruction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their marrow precursors.
Blood Rev. 4(4): 226-37.
106. Nery et al. 1995. Prevalence of nifedipine-induced gingival
hyperplasis. J. Periodontol. 66:572-578.
107. Tomar S.L., and S. Asma. 2000. Smoking - attributable periodontitis
in the United States findings for NHANES III. J. Periodontol 2000.
71:743-751.
108. Gelsky S.C. 1999. Cigarette smoking and periodontitis: Methodology
to assess the strength of evidence in support of a causal association.
Comm. Dent. Oral. Epidemiol. 27:16-24.
109. Costerton et al. 1994. Biofilms, the customized microniche.
J. Bacteriol. 176:2137-2142.
110. Haber J. 1994. Cigarette smoking: a major risk factor for
periodontitis. Compend. Contin. Dent. Educ. 15:1002-14.
111. Edwardsson et al. 1999. The microbiota of periodontal pockets
with different depths in the therapy-resistant periodontitis.
J. Clin. Periodontol. 26(3): 143-52.
112. Tomar S.L., and S. Asma. 2000. Smoking-attributable periodontitis
in the United States: findings for NHANES III. J. Periodontol
2000 71:743-751.
113. Ibid.
114. Grossi et al. 2001. Caution: alcohol may be hazardous to
your (oral) health. UB Research Quarterly ( Feb).
115. Watson M.R., W.A. Bretz, and W. J. Loesche. 1994. Presence
of Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis in children
correlated with periodontal disease of their parents. Journal
of Dental Research. 73(10): 1636-40.
116. Petit et al. 1994. Prevalance of periodontitis and suspected
periodontal pathogens in families of adult periodontitis paients.
J. Clin. Periodontol. 21: 76-85.
117. van Steenbergen et al. 1993. Transmission of Porphyromonas
gingivalis between spouses. J. Clin Periodontol 20:340-5.
118. Preus et al. 1994. The distribution and transmission of Actinobacillus
actinomycetemcomitans in families with established adult periodontitis.
Journal Periodontol. 65:2-7.
119. Saarela et al. 1993. Transmission of oral bacterial species
between spouses. Oral. Microbiol. Immunol. 8:349-54.
120.Asikainen S., C. Chen and J. Slots. 1996. Likelihood of transmitting
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis
in families with periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 11(6):
387-94.
121. Asikainen S., and C. Chen. 1999. Oral ecology and person-to-person
transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas
gingivalis. Periodontol 2000. 20:65-81.
122. Preus H.R. and L. Olsen. 1988. Possible transmittance of
A. actinomycetemcomitans from a dog to a child with rapidly destructive
periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal Research 23:68-71.
123. Barker K.F. 1999. Antibiotic resistance: a current perspective.
Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 48:109-24.
124. Roberts M.C. 1998. Antibiotic resistance in oral/respiratory
bacteria. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med. 9(4): 522-40.
125 Summers et al. 1993. Mercury released from Dental"silver"
fillings provokes and increase in mercury-and antibiotic-resistant
bacteria in oral and intestinal floras of primates. Antimicrob.
Agents Chemother. 37(4): 825-34.
126. Lorsheider et al. 1995. The dental amalgam mercury controversy-inorganic
mercury and the CNS; genetic linkage of mercury and antibiotic
resistances in intestinal bacteria. Toxicology 31(1-3):19-22.
127. Edlund et al. 1996. Resistance of the normal human microflora
to mercury and antimicrobials after exposure to mercury from dental
amalgam fillings. Clin. Infect. Dis. 22(6): 944-50.
128. Smith A., and J. Bragg. 1998. An update on antimicrobial
chemotherapy 3: antimicrobial resistance and the oral cavity.
Dental Update. 25:230-4.
129. van Windelhoff A.J. et al. 2000. Antimicrobial resistance
in the subfingival microflora in patients with adult periodontitis:
a comparison between the Netherlands and Spain. J Clin Periodontol
27 (2)79-86.
130. Fives-Taylor P.M. et al. 1999. Virulence factors of Actinobacillus
actinomycetemcomitans. Periodontol 2000 20:136-67.
131. Larsen T. 1991. Occurrence of doxycycline-resistant bacteria
in the oral cavity after administration of doxycycline in patients
with periodontal disease. Scand J Infect Dis. 23:89-96.
132. Ibid.
133. Rosenberg J. 2000. Antibiotic resistance: what physicians
should know. Division of Communicable Disease Control: California
Department of Health Services January.
134. Ballow C. 1998. Antibiotics vs. infectious bacteria: a battlefield
report. U. of Buffalo Reporter 29 (21) February.
135. Williams D. 2000. A new edge in the race against thoroughbred
bugs. Alternatives. Vol.8. no.17 Nov.
136. Ballow C. 1998. Antibiotics vs. infectious bacteria: a battlefield
report. U. of Buffalo Reporter 29 ( 21) February.
137. Levy S.B. 1992. The Antibiotic Paradox: How Miracle Drugs
Are Destroying the Miracle. New York: Plenum Publishing.
138 . Walker CB. 1996. The acquisition of antibiotic resistance
in periodontal microflora. Periodontol 2000. 10:79-88.
139. Baker P. et al. 1995. Antibiotic susceptibility of anaerobic
bacteria from the human cavity. J Dent Res. 64:1233-44.
140. Walker C.B. et al. 1983. Antibody susceptibility testing
of subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Periodontol 10:422-432.
141. Lewis M.A. et al. 1995. Prevalence of penicillin resistant
bacteria in acute suppurative oral infection. J Antimicrob Chemother.
35:785-91.
142. Sorsa T. et al. 1992. Cellular source and tetracycline inhibition
of gingival crevicular fluid collagenase of patients with labile
diabetes mellitus. J Clin Periodontol 19 (2):146-149.
143. Grant D, Infectious Disease and Super Germs.
144. Strom B.L. et al. 1998. Dental and cardiac risk factors for
infective endocarditis: a population-based-control study. Ann
Intern Med. 129:761-9.
145. Durack DT et al. 1983. Apparent failures of endocarditis
prophylaxis. JAMA 250:2318-22.
146. American Academy of Periodontology. 1996. Systemic antibiotics
in periodontics (position paper). J Periodontol. 67:831-8.
147. Ewald P. 2000. Plaque Time. New York: The Free Press.
148.Wilson TG Jr. 1996. Supportative periodontal treatment introduction:
definition, extent of need, therapeutic objectives, frequency
and efficacy. Periodontol 2000 12:11-15.
149. Lamster IB. 2001. Current Concepts and Future Trends for
Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Therapy, Part 2. Dentistry
Today. 3:88.
150. Estafen et al. 1999. Adjunctive diagnostic methods for monitoring
progressive periodontal diseases. Gen Dent. 47 (4):374-80.
151. Mancina S. et al. 1999. Assessment of a novel screening test
for Neutrophil collagenase activity in the diagnosis of periodontal
diseases. J Periodontol. 70 (11):1292-302.
152. Slots J. 1996. Microbial analysis in supportive periodontal
therapy. Periodontol 2000. 12:56-9.
153. Loesche W. et al. 1992. Comparison of the benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide
(BANA) test, DNA probes, and immunologicalreagents for ability
to detect anaerobic periodontal infections due to Porphyroomonas
gingivalis,Treponema denticola and Bacteroides forsythus. J Clin
Microbiol. 30:427-433.
154. Loesche W. et al. 1997. The optimization of the BANA test
as a screening agent for gingivitis among subjects seeking dental
treatment. J Clin Perio. 4:114.
155. Lindhe J. et al. 1982. Critical probing depths in periodontal
therapy. J Clin Periodontol. 9(4): 323-36.
156. Riffle A.B. 1952. The cementum during curettage. J Periodontol.
23:170-177.
157. BBC Homepage. 2001. Health news. Thursday, 26 July.
158. Dyer D, Addy M, Newcombe RG. 2000. Studies in vitro of abrasion
by different manual toothbrush heads and a standard toothpaste.
J Clin Periodontol. 27 (2) 99-103.
159. Warren D. et al. 2001. The effects of toothpastes on the
residual microbial contamination of toothbrushes. Journal of the
American Dental 9:1241-1245.
160. Cobb CM. 1920. Toothbrushes as a cause of repeated infections
of the mouth. Boston Medical Surgery Journal 183:263-4.
161. Glass R.T. and S. Shapiro. 1993. Oral inflammatory disease
and the toothbrush. J Ala Dent Assoc. 77(4): 12-6.
162. Glass R.T. 1992. The infected toothbrush, the infected denture
and transmission of disease: a review. Compendium 13(7): 592-8.
163. Svanberg M. 1978. Contamination of toothpaste and toothbrush
by Streptococcus mutans. Scand J Dent Res 86:412-4.
164. Kozai K., T Iwai and D Miura. 1989. Residual contamination
of toothbrushes by microorganisms. ASDC J Dent Child. 56: 201-4.
165. Caudry SD, A Klitorinos and EC Chan. 1995. Contaminated toothbrushes
and their disinfection. J Can Dent Assoc 61(6): 511-6.
166. Glass RT and HG Jensen. 1994. The effectiveness of a u-v
toothbrush sanitizing device in reducing the number of bacteria,
yeasts and viruses on toothbrushes. J Okla Dent Assoc 84(4):24-8.
167. Glass RT and HG Jensen. 1988. More on the contaminated toothbrush:
the viral story. Quintessence Int 19:713-6.
168. Warren DP et al. 2001. The effects of toothpastes on the
residual microbial contamination of toothbrushes. JADA 132:1241-5.
169. Yukna R.A. et al. 1993. Interproximal vs midradicular effects
of a counter-rotational powered brush during supportive periodontal
therapy. Compendium 16: S580-6.
170. Yuka RA, et al. 1993. Evaluation of counter-rotational powered
brush in patients in supportive periodontal therapy. J Periodontal
64:859-64.
171. Stanford CM et al. 1997. Efficacy of the Sonicare toothbrush
fluid dynamic action on removal of human supraginigival plaque
J Clin Dent. Special issue: 10-4.
172. Otomo-Corgel J. 1992. Over-the-counter and prescription mouthwashes
- an update for the 1990's. Compendium of Continuing Dental Education
in Dentistry 13:1086-1095.
173. Lamberts DM et al. 1982. The effect of waxed and unwaxed
dental floss on gingival response. J Periodontol 53: 393-6.
174. Wunderlich RC et al. 1982. The effect of waxed and unwaxed
dental floss on gingival response. J Periodontol 53: 397-400.
175. Gross A. et al. 1975. Effects of tongue brushing on tongue
coating and dental plaque scores. J Dent Res. 54:1236.
176. Christen AG et al. 1978. Oral hygiene: a history of tongue
scraping and brushing. JADA 96: 215-9.
177. Wunderlick RC et al. 1984. Subgingival penetration of an
applied solution. Int J Perio Restorative Dent. 4 (5): 64-71.
178. Waerhaug J. 1981. Effect of tooth brushing on subgingival
plaque formation. J Periodontol. 52(1): 30-4.
179. The role of supra and subgingival irrigation in the treatment
of periodontal diseases. 1996. Chicago: American Academy of Periodontics
1-18.
180. Eakle WS, C Ford and RL Boyd. 1986. Depth of penetration
in periodontal pockets with oral irrigation. J Clin Periodontal
13(1): 39-44.
181. Larner JR and G Greenstein. 1993. Effect of calculus and
irrigation tip design on depth of subgingival irrigation. Int.
J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 13(3): 288-97.
182. Braun RE and SG Chancio. 1992. Subgingival delivery by an
oral irrigation device. J Periodontal. 63: 469-72.
183.Newman et al. 1994. Effectiveness of Adjunctive Irrigation
in Early Periodontitis: Multi-Center Evaluation. J Periodontal
65:224-229.
184. Nelson S. 2000. Sodium bicarbonate inhibits plaque formation
on teeth. Dentist. 68: 23-38.
185. Legier-Vargas et al. 1995. Effects of sodium bicarbonate
dentifrices on the levels of bacteria in human saliva. Caries
Res. 29: 143-147.
186. Tanzer et al. Bicarbonate-based powder and paste dentifrice
effects on caries. Clin Prev Den. 12: 18-21.
187. Koertge et al.1998. Longitudinal comparison of tooth whitening
resulting from dentifrice use. J Clin Dent. 9:67-71.
188. Ody P. 2000. Natural Health, Complete Guide to Medicinal
Herbs. New York: Darling Kindersley.
189. Graedon et al. 1999. The People's Pharmacy Guide to Home
and Herbal Remedies. New York: St. Martin's Griffin.
190. Hildebrandt GH and BS Sparks. 2000. Maintaining mutans streptococci
suppression with xylitol chewing gum. J Am Dent Assoc. 131: 909-916.
191. Vogel et al. 1978. The effect of folic acid on gingival health,
J Periodontol 47(11): 667-668.
192. Caranza F. 1984. Clinical Periodontology. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders.
193. Packer L. 2000. Alpha Lipoic Acid as a biological antioxidant,
Free Radical Biology and Medicine.
194. Weyers W. et al. 1989.Skin absorption of volatile oils, Pharmacokinetics
Pharm Unsrer Seit 18: (3):82-6.
195. Sinatra S. 1999. L-Carnitine and the Heart, How the powerful
combination of L-caritine and CoQ10 can have a positive impact
on one's health and well-being. Los Angles: Keats Publishing.
196. da Costa et al. 1974. Appearance of folate binder in leukocytes
and serum of women who are pregnant or taking oral contraceptives.
J Lab Clin Med 83:207-214.
197. Vogel et al. 1976. The effect of folic acid on gingival health.
J Periodontol 47(11):667-668.
198. Vogel et al. 1979. The effect of topical application of folic
acid on gingival health. J Oral Med 33 (1):20-2.
199. Thompson et al. 1982. Effects of extended systemic and topical
folate supplementation on gingivitis of pregnancy. J Clin Periodontol
((9):275-80.
200. Pack et al. 1980. Effects of topical and systemic folic acid
supplementation on gingivitis in pregnancy. J Clin Periodontol
7(5): 402-414.
201. Pack et al. 1984. Folate mouthwash: effects on established
gingivitis in periodontal patients. J Clin Periodontol 11(9) :619-628.
202. Vogel et al. 1976. The effect of folic acid on gingival health.
J Periodontol 47(11):667-668.
203. Adhikari et al. 2001. Free radical scavenging behavior of
folic acid: Evidence for possible antioxidant activity. Free Radical
Biology & Medicine. 30 (12): 1390-1399.
204. Cohen et al. 1986. Safety of pyridoxine-A review of human
and animal studies. Toxicol Letters 34: 129-139.
205.Mason et al. 1992. The effects of vitamins B12, B6 and folate
on blood homocysteine levels. Ann NY Acad Sci. 669:197-203.
206. Lubec et al. 1996. Evidence for McKusick's hypothesis of
deficient collagen cross-linking in patients with homocysteine.
Biochim Biophys Acta 1315(3):159-162.
207. Brattstrom et al. 1985. Folic acid responsive postmenopausal
homocysteinemia. Metabolism 34 (11): 1073-1077.
208. Wilcken et al. 1985. Homocystinuria due to cystathionine
beta-synthase deficiency-the effects of betaine treatment in pyridoxine-responsive
patients, Metabolism 34 ((12):115-1121.
209. Dorman H. 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial
activity of plant volatile oils. J of Applied Microbiology, 88
(2): 308-316.
210. Badmaev et al. 1996. Comparison of nutrient bioavailability
when ingested alone and in combination with Bioperine, Research
Report, Sabinsa Corporation.
211. Ibid.
212. Clark H, 1993. The Cure for All Cancers. San Dieo: ProMotion
Publishing.
213. Godowski KC. 1989. Antimicrobial action of sanguinarine,
J Clin Dent 1: 96-101.
214. Nielson FH. 1990. Studies on the relationship between boron
and magnesium, which possibly effect the formation and maintenance
of bones. Magnesium Trace Elem 9:61-69.
215. Frei et al. 1989. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant
in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86: 66377-81.
216. Nakamoto et al. The role of ascorbic acid deficiency in human
gingivitis-a new hypothesis. J Theor Biol 108 (2):163-171.
217. Goetzl et al. 1974. Enhancement of random migration and chemotactic
response of human leukocytes by ascorbic acid. J Clin Invest 53
: 813.
218. Thomas et al. 1978. Vitamin C and immunity: an assessment
of the evidence. Clin Exptl Immunol 32: 370.
219. Rivers JM. 1989. Safety of high level vitamin C ingestion.
Int J Vit Ntr Res 30 (Suppl): 95-102.
220. Abraham et al. 1990. Total dietary program emphasizing magnesium
instead of calcium. J Repro Med 35 (5): 503-507.
221. Abraham GE. 1982. The calcium controversy. J Appl Nutr 34:
69.
222. Bourgoin et al. 1993. Lead Content in 70 Brands of Dietary
Calcium Supplements. Am J Public Health 83 :1155-60.
223. Hoffman D. 1983. The Holistic Herbal. Scotland: Findhorn
Press, Scotland 1983.
224. Haines CE. 1994. Antimutagenesis and Lethality Studies of
Cinnamaldehyde in Bacterial Systems. University of Kansas. 56
(04B).
225. Tantaoui-Elaraki et al. 1994. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin
production in Aspergillus parasiticus by essential oils of selected
plant materials. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 13 (1):67-72.
226. Goldenberg R. 1997. Drug and Cosmetic Industry. 06.
227. Inouye et al. 1998. Antisporulating and respiration-inhibitory
effects of essential oils on filamentous fungi. Mycose 41 (9-10):
403-10.
228. Jayashree et al. 1999. Anti-aflatoxigenic activity of eugenol
is due to inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Lett Appl Microbiol.
28(3):179-83.
229. Wie et al. 1997. Eugenol protects neuronal cells from excitotoxic
and oxidative injury in primary cortical cultures. Neurosci Lett,
4 ;225(2):93-96.
230. Siddiqui et al. 1996. Effect of essential oils on the enveloped
viruses : Antiviral activity of oregano and clove oils on herpes
simplex virus type 1 and Newcastle disease virus. Medical Science
Research 24 (3):185-186.
231. Hansen et al. 1976. Bioenergetics in clinical therapy. Gingival
and leucocytic deficiencies of coenzyme Q10 in patients with periodontal
disease. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 14(4): 729-738.
232. Matsumura et al. 1973. Evidence for enhanced treatment of
periodontal disease by therapy with coenzyme Q. Int J Vitam Nutr
Res 43 (4):537-548.
233. Nakamura et al. 1974. Study of coenzyme Q in gingival of
patients with periodontal disease and evidence for a deficiency
of coenzyme Q10. Proc Natt Acad Sci 71:1456.
234. Batino et al. 1999. Oxidative injury and inflammatory diseases:
the challenge of antioxidants to free radicals and reactive oxygen
speies. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 10(4): 458-76.
235. Folkers et al. 1981. Biomedical and Clinical Aspects of Coenzyme
Q. vol. 3, Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.
236. Wilkinson et al. 1977. Treatment of periodontal and other
soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity with coenzyme Q. In Biomedical
and Clinical Aspects of Coenzyme Q administration. Vol. 1 Folkers
K and Yamamura Y (eds.) Elsevier/North-Hollarn Biomedical Press,
Amsterdam.
237. Hanioka et al. 1994. Effect of topical application of coenzyme
Q10 on adult Periodontitis. Mol Aspects Med 15 Suppl: 241-248.
238. Emile etal. 1987. The Miracle Nutrient CoEnzymeQ10. New York:
Bantam Books.
239. Lewis AJ. 1984. The role of Copper in Inflammatory Disorders.
Agents Actions.
240. Airola P. 1976. How to Get Well. Health. Phoenix: Plus Publishers.
241. Kim et al. 1983. The effect of Vitamin E on the Healing of
Gingival Wounds in rats. J Periodontal 54:305-8.
242. Royack et al. 2000. Response of human oral epithelial cells
to oxidative damage and the effect of vitamin E. Oral Oncology
36(1):37-41.
243. Addya et al. 1984. Effects of Mercuric Chloride on Several
Scavenging Enzymes in Rat Kidney and Influence of Vitamin E Supplementation.
Acta Vitaminol Encymol 6;103-107.
244. Courtney et al. 1991. Aggregation of group A streptococci
by human saliva and effect of saliva on streptococcal adherence
to host cells. Infect Immun. 59(5): 1661-1666.
245. D'Amelio F. 1999. Botanicals, A Phytocosmetic Desk Reference.
Boca Raton: CRC Press.
246. Wagner et al. 1989. In vitro inhibition of arachidonate metabolism
by some alkylamides and phenylated phenols. Planta Medica. 55:566-567.
247. Wagner et al. 1985. Immunostimulating polysaccharides (heteroglycans)
of higher plants. Arzneimittel-Forsch 35: 1069-75.
248. Hobbs C. 1989. The Echinacea Handbook. Portland: Eclectic
Medical Publications.
249. Bauer et al. 1991. Echinacea species as potential immunostimulatory
drugs. Econ Med Plant Res 5: 253-321.
250. D'Amelio F. 1999. Botanicals, A Phytocosmetic Desk Reference.
Boca Raton: CRC Press.
251. Weyer et al. 1989. Skin absorption of volatile oils. Pharmacoinetics.
Pharm Unsrer Seit 18 (3): 82-86.
252. D'Amelio F. 1999. Botanicals, A Phytocosmetic Desk Reference.
Boca Raton: CRC Press.
253. Boiteau et al. 1956. Asiaticoside. Extracted from Centella
asistica. Its therapeutic uses in the healing of experimental
or refractory wounds, leprosy, skin tuberculosis and lupus. Therapie
11: 125-149.
254. Tenni et al. 1988. Effect of the triterpenoid fraction of
Centella Asiatica: on macromolecules of the connective matrix
in human skin fibroblast cultures. Ital J Biochem 37:69-77.
255. Shukla et al. 1999. Asiaticoside induced elevation of antioxidant
levels in healing wounds. Phytother Res 13:50-54.
256. Suguna L. 1996. Effects of Centella asiatica extract on dermal
wound healing in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 34 (12):1208-11.
257. Antibiotic Alternative Proven Effective, The GSE Report 1:1,
1.
258. Masquelier J. 1990. Procyanidolic oligomers. J Parfums Cosmet
Arom. 95:89-97.
259. Laparra J. 1978. Parmacokinetic study of the total procyanidolic
oligomers of the grape. Acta Therapeutica. 4: 233-246.
260. Hagerman et al. 1981. The specificity of Proanthocyanidin-Protein
interactions. Journ of Biol Chemistry 256: 4494-4497.
261. Sorsa et al. 1990. The role of gingival crevicular fluid
and salivary interstitial collagenases in human periodontal diseases.
Arch Oral Biol Supp. 35: 193-196.
262. Nakamura M. 1979. The relationship between periodontal disease
and protease activity in gingival fluid and in saliva. Nippon
Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi. 21(4): 429-434.
263. Inoue J. 1990. Distribution of enzymatically pathogenic bacteria
from periodontal pocket in advancing periodontitis. Nippon Shishubyo
Gakkai Kaishi. 32(1): 199-205.
264. Bombardelli et al. 1996. Aesculus hipposcastanu. Fitoterapia
Vol LXVII (6): 503.
265. Gilman et al. 1980. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,
6th edition.
266. Reimann et al. 1977. Histamine and acute haemorrhagic lesions
in rat gastric mucosa: prevention of stress ulcer formation by
(+)- catechin, an inhibitor of specific histidine decarboxylase
in vitro. Agents Actions 7(1): 69-73.
267. Amelia et al. 1985. Inhibition of mast cell histamine release
by flavonoids and bioflavonoids. Planta Medica 5116-20.
268. Uchida et al. 1987. Condensed tannins scavage active oxygen
radicals. Med Sci Res. 15: 831-832.
269. Montogomery et al. 1993. Biochemistry. 4th edition. St. Louis:
Mosby Company.
270. Price PA. 1993. Vitamin K nutrition and postmenopausal osteoporosis.
J Clin Invest 91(4):1268.
271. Lorrondo et al. 1995. Antimicrobial activity of essences
from labiates. Microbios 82 (332): 171-2.
272. Combest WL. 1999. Lavender. US Pharmacist (USA) 24: 30-33.
273. Petrovski S. 1888. Study of the antibacterial and antimycotic
action of lavender essential oil. Dermatol Veneral. 27 (3):46-50.
274. Perrucci et al. 1994. Acaricidal agents of natural origin
against Psoroptes cuniculi. Parassitologia 36(3): 269-271.
275. Nelson R. 1997. In-vitro activities of five plant essential
oils against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcu faecium. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 40
(2): 305-306.
276. Almer et al. 1992. Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid in
patients with ulcerative colitis and in healthy volunteers after
the single instillation of 2 g rectally. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
32: 49-54.
277. Astedt et al. 1977. Arrest of growth of ovarian tumour by
ranexamic acid. Journal of the American Medical Assoc. 238: 154-155.
278. Rath M. 1992. Plasmin induced proteolysis and the role of
apoprotein(a), lysine and synthetic lysine analogs. Journal of
Orthomolecular Medicine 7:17-23.
279. Rath M. 2001. Cellular Health Series: The Heart. Santa Clara,
Calif. MR Publishing, Inc.
280. Sigurdsson et al. Tranexamic acid for the treatment of advanced
ovarian carcinoma. Acta Obstetriticia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
62: 265-266.
281. Balch, P., and J. Balch. 2000. Prescription for Nutritional
Healing. New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc.
282. Birkmayer JGD, Biological and Clinical Relevance of Trace
Elements. Arztl Lab 36: 284-87, 1990.
283. Balch et al. 2000. Prescription for Nutritional Healing,
3rd ed. New York: Avery Publishing.
284. Tranter HS. 1993. The effect of the olive phenolic compound,
oleuropein, on growth and enterotoxin B production by Staphylococcus
aureus. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 74 (3): 253-259.
285. Fleming HP. 1973. Antimicrobial properties of oleuropein
and products of its hydrolysis from green olives. Applied Microbiology
26 (5): 777-782.
286. Petkov et al. 1972. Pharmacological analysis of iridoid oleuropein.
Drug Res. 22 (9): 1476-86.
287. Walker M. 1997. Nature's Antibiotic Olive Leaf Extract, Kensington
Books, Kensington Publishing Corp.
288. Tassou C. 1991. Effect of phenolic compounds and oleuropein
on the germination of Bacullus cereus T spores. Biotechnology
and Applied Biochemistry 13:231-237.
289. Stiles et al. 1995. The inhibition of Candida Albicans by
oregano. J Applied Nutr 47: 96-102.
290. Draughon et al. 2001. Antimicrobial activity of essential
oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms.
Journal of Food Protection 42 (7): 1019-24.
291. Baratta MT. 1998. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and
antioxidative activity of laurel, sage. Rosemary, oregano and
coriander essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 10
(6): 618-627.
292. Sivropoulou A. 1996. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities
of Origanum essential oils. J. Agric Food Chem. 5: 1202-1205.
293. Kivanc M. Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of cumin, oregano
and their essential oils on growth and acid production of Lactobacillus
plantarum.
294. Daouk et al. 1995. Antifungal activity of the essential oil
of Origanum syriacum L. Journal of Food Protection .58 (10).
295. Siddiqui et al. 1996. Effect of essential oils on the enveloped
viruses : Antiviral activity of oregano and clove oils on herpes
simplex virus type 1 and Newcastle disease virus. Medical Science
Research 24 (3): 185-186.
296. Hammer et al. 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils
and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 86
(6): 985-990.
297. Samman et al. 1998. Mint prevents carcinogenesis in hamster
cheek pouch. 19 (10): 1795-801.
298. May et al. 1996. Efficacy of a fixed peppermint oil/caraway
oil combination in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Arzneim Forsch 46:1149-53.
299. Hassanein et al. 1997. Antibacterial action of carvone and
some plant extracts on certain phytopathogenic bacteria and pathogenicity
of Agro bacterium tumefaciens. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural
Research 42;1: 127-136.
300. Yu et al. 1994. Phytotherapy Res. 8(7) : 436.
301. Lee et al. 1988. Mutat Res. 204 (2) : 229.
302. Lin et al. 1973. Microbiol. 6: 97.
303. Jacobs et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,745,104 (May 17,1988 and
No. 4, 849,410 (July 18,1989).
304. Howell E. 1985. Enzyme Nutrition. Wayne, New Jersey: Avery
Publishing Group.
305. Hoffman D. 1983. The Holistic Herbal. Scotland: Findhorn
Press..
306. Rath M. 2001. Cellular Health Series: Cancer. California:
MR Publishing.
307. Pearce et al. 1984. Mucosal Mast Cells III: Effect of Quercetin
and Other Flavonoids on Antigen-Induced Histamine Secretion from
Rat Intestinal Mast Cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 73:819-23.
308. Busse et al. 1984. Flavonoid Modulation of Human Neutrophil
Function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 73: 801-9.
309. Yoshimoto T. 1983. Flavonoids: Potent inhibitors of Archidonate
5-Lipoxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 116:612-18.
310. D'Amelio F. 1999. Botanicals, A Phytocosmetic Desk Reference.
Boca Raton: CRC Press.
311. Roy M. 1994. Supplementation with Selenium and Human Imune
Cell Functions II: Effect on Lymphocytes Proliferation and Interleudin
2 Receptor Expression. Biol Trace Elem Res 41:103-14.
312. Kiremidjian-Schumacher et al. 1994. Supplementation with
Selenium and Human Immune Cell Functions II: Effect on Cytotoxic
Lymphocytes and Natural Killer Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 41:115-27.
313. Carlisle EM. 1982. The Nutritional Essentiality of Silicon.
Nutr Rev 40 (7): 193-198.
314. Fessenden et al. 1987. JS, The Biological Properties of Silicon
Compounds. Adv Drug Res. 4:95.
315. Ultee et al. 1999. Bactericidal activity of carvacrol towards
the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. 85 (2): 211-218.
316. Lisin et al. 1999. Antimicrobial activity of some essential
oils. Acta Horticulrurae (501): 283-288.
317. Marino et al. 1999. Antimicrobial activity of the essential
oils of Thymus vulgaris L. measured using a bioimpedometric method.
J Food Prot. 62 ( 9): 1017-23.
318. Juven et al. 1994. Factors that interact with the antibacterial
action of thyme essential oil and its active constituents. J Appl
Bacteriol 76 (6):626-31.
319. Tzakou et al. 1998. Chemical composition and antibacterial
properties of Thymus longicaulis subsp.chaoubardii oils: three
chemotypes in the same population. Journal of Essential Oil Research
10 (1): 97-99.
320. Hassanein et al. 1997. Antibacterial action of carvone and
some plant extracts on certain phytopathogenic bacteria and pathogenicity
of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural
Research. 42 (1): 127-136.
321. Lattaoui et al. 1994. Comparative kinetics of microbial destruction
by the essential oils of Thymus broussonettii, T. zygis and T.
satureioides. Journal of Essential Oil Research 6 (2): 106-171.
322. Panizzi et al. 1993. Composition and antimicrobial properties
of essential oils of four Mediterranean Lamiaceae. J Ethnopharmacol.
39 (3): 167-70.
323. Hildebrandt et al. 2000. Maintaining mutans streptococci
suppression with xylitol chewing gum. J Am Dent Assoc. 131: 909-916.
324. Prasad A. 1983. Clinical Biochemical and Nutritional Spectrum
of Zinc Deficiency in Human Subjects: An Update. Nutr Rev. 41:
197-208.
325. Freeland et al. 1976. Relationship of Mineral Status and
Intake to Periodontal Disease. Am J Clin Nutr 29: 745-9
|